{"id":44594,"date":"2026-06-26T11:10:17","date_gmt":"2026-06-26T09:10:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/2b-advice.com\/?p=44594"},"modified":"2026-06-28T13:44:56","modified_gmt":"2026-06-28T11:44:56","slug":"ugh-data-obtained-in-violation-of-the-gdpr-may-still-be-admissible-in-court","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/2b-advice.com\/en\/2026\/06\/26\/eugh-dsgvo-widrig-erlangte-daten-koennen-vor-gericht-trotzdem-verwertbar-sein\/","title":{"rendered":"ECJ: Data Obtained in Violation of the GDPR May Still Be Admissible in Court"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Personal data that may have been collected unlawfully is not automatically inadmissible as evidence. The European Court of Justice clarified this in its judgment of June 18, 2026, in Case C-484\/24. At the heart of the proceedings was the question of whether a court may consider evidence containing personal data, even though that data may have been obtained by a party to the proceedings in violation of the GDPR. The CJEU\u2019s answer is of great practical significance: A data protection violation does not necessarily lead to a prohibition on the use of evidence. Rather, what is decisive is that the court\u2019s processing of the data is based on its own legal basis, takes place within a sufficiently predictable procedural framework, and complies with the requirements of the GDPR in the court proceedings.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Employer May Access Private eBay Account<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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The case stemmed from a labor law dispute. NTH Haustechnik GmbH sought damages from its former employee. The company accused her of selling items\u2014which it claimed were the employer\u2019s property\u2014through a private eBay account. The claimed damages amounted to more than 46,000 euros.<\/p>

However, it was not only the allegation itself that was controversial, but also the question of how the company had obtained this information. According to the referring court, the employer had learned of the sales by accessing the former employee\u2019s private eBay account. Among other things, the browser history of a work computer and a password from a \u201eFamily folder\u201c on a server are said to have played a role in this. The employee disputed this account and argued that the access to her private account had been unlawful.<\/p>

The Lower Saxony Regional Labor Court did not definitively rule that the data collection was unlawful. However, it considered it possible that the employer had obtained the data unlawfully. That is precisely why it sought a ruling from the European Court of Justice (ECJ) on whether such data may nevertheless be used in labor court proceedings.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Does a GDPR violation automatically result in the exclusion of evidence?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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The ECJ first clarifies that the GDPR generally applies to courts as well when they process personal data. This may be the case, for example, when a court includes documents containing personal data in the case file, stores or analyzes digital evidence, or takes such evidence into account in its decision-making.<\/p>

At the same time, the ECJ clearly distinguishes between two levels. The first level concerns the initial collection of data by a party\u2014in this case, the employer\u2019s potentially unlawful access to the employee\u2019s private eBay account. This collection of data may have been unlawful. The second level concerns the subsequent processing by the court in the context of the proceedings. This judicial processing must be assessed independently.<\/p>

That is precisely the crux of the ruling: Even if a party has obtained personal data unlawfully, that does not automatically mean that the court is prohibited from using that data. The court does not process the data because it approves of the prior collection of the data, but because, as part of its statutory duty, it must rule on facts, evidence, and claims.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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No Automatic Prohibition on the Admission of Evidence<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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However, the decision should not be interpreted to mean that data obtained unlawfully is always admissible in court. The ECJ does not state that all evidence obtained in violation of data protection laws must be used. Rather, it clarifies that the GDPR does not impose a general and automatic prohibition on the use of such evidence.<\/p>

The admissibility and assessment of evidence are, in principle, matters governed by national procedural law. However, this procedural law must be compatible with Union law. For this reason, the Court of Justice of the European Union requires that there be a sufficiently clear, precise, and predictable framework setting forth the circumstances and conditions under which courts may use evidence containing personal data. This framework may derive not only from written law but also from national case law, provided that such case law is clear, precise, and predictable.<\/p>

This is particularly relevant for Germany because the ZPO does not contain explicit, detailed provisions for every conceivable category of unlawfully obtained personal data. The European Court of Justice (ECJ) does not consider this to be impermissible from the outset. However, it requires that national case law define the conditions for the judicial use of such evidence in a sufficiently predictable manner and, in doing so, pursue an objective in the public interest in a proportionate manner.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Legal Basis for Judicial Processing<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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The ECJ bases the processing of personal data in court proceedings in particular on Article 6(1), first subparagraph, point (c) of the GDPR. According to this provision, processing is lawful if it is necessary for compliance with a legal obligation. Such an obligation exists for courts, for example, in deciding on the admissibility of evidence and in evaluating admissible evidence in the decision-making process.<\/p>

In doing so, the CJEU simultaneously rejects another line of reasoning. Article 17(3)(e) of the GDPR does not constitute an independent legal basis for processing. This provision merely stipulates that there is no right to erasure if the processing is necessary for the establishment, exercise, or defense of legal claims. However, this does not automatically imply that any such processing is lawful. The actual assessment of lawfulness therefore remains subject to Article 6 of the GDPR.<\/p>

In practice, this means that anyone who relies on personal data in court cannot simply claim that the data is needed for legal defense. The key factor is whether the processing in court is based on a valid legal basis and whether the other data protection principles are being observed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Why Data Obtained Illegally May Still Be Usable<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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The ECJ bases its decision primarily on the right to a fair trial under Article 47 of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights. According to this provision, parties to legal proceedings must, as a general rule, be able to effectively present and substantiate their claims or defenses. If every data protection violation were to automatically render evidence inadmissible, this could significantly impair effective legal protection.<\/p>

Data protection law, therefore, does not stand in isolation from procedural law. It must be reconciled with other fundamental rights. While the right to the protection of personal data under Articles 7 and 8 of the Charter is important, it is not an unrestricted right. It may conflict with the right to judicial protection.<\/p>

The ECJ is therefore not saying that data protection violations are irrelevant. Rather, it states that a data protection violation at the stage of evidence gathering does not automatically require the court to disregard the evidence. This is because judicial processing pursues its own legitimate objective: conducting a fair trial and rendering an appropriate decision on the legal dispute.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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No Free Pass for Illegal Data Collection<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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However, the ruling must not be misinterpreted as a free pass. Companies cannot conclude that they are allowed to collect personal data at will simply because it might be useful in court at a later date.<\/p>

The CJEU makes a clear distinction between the potential unlawfulness of the initial data collection and its subsequent use in court proceedings. Unlawful data collection may still have consequences. Possible consequences include claims for damages under Article 82 of the GDPR, supervisory measures, or administrative fines under Article 83 of the GDPR. National courts may also continue to examine, on a case-by-case basis, whether national law prohibits the use of such evidence.<\/p>

The decision therefore does not mean that data obtained unlawfully must always be admitted as evidence. It simply means that the GDPR does not impose a general and automatic prohibition on the admission of such evidence.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Data minimization remains important throughout the process as well<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Another key point of the ruling is that the court must continue to observe the principle of data minimization when processing personal data. Pursuant to Article 5(1)(c) of the GDPR, only data that is appropriate, relevant, and necessary for the specific purpose may be processed.<\/p>

However, the ECJ does not require courts to conduct an additional comprehensive proportionality assessment for every single instance of data processing. At the stage of determining whether evidence is admissible and relevant, the court may, in principle, process the data necessary for that purpose. However, once the court has declared the documents admissible and included them in the case file, or disclosed them to the parties, third parties, or in a decision, it must assess whether the data is in fact needed to that extent.<\/p>

This has practical implications. A court may not disclose personal data without restriction or reproduce it in a decision simply because it is contained in a piece of evidence. Before disclosing such data to parties or third parties, the court must determine whether the data is actually necessary. If necessary, protective measures such as redaction, anonymization, or pseudonymization may be considered.<\/p>

This applies in particular when evidence also contains data from uninvolved third parties. In the case at hand, for example, data from eBay buyers might have been affected. The ECJ makes it clear that courts are bound by the GDPR even when handling such third-party information.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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The disclosure requirements under Article 13 of the GDPR do not automatically prevent the use of the data<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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The ECJ is also addressing the question of whether a violation of the information obligations set forth in Article 13 of the GDPR results in a court being prohibited from using the data. Here, too, the answer is nuanced. While a party or a third party\u2019s failure to comply with the information obligations when collecting data may constitute a data protection violation, this does not automatically prevent the court from using such data in the course of its judicial proceedings.<\/p>

This point, too, is consistent with the general principle established in the ruling. Violations of data protection law during the initial collection of data do not automatically result in a procedural prohibition on the use of that data.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Implications of the ECJ Ruling for Employers<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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The ruling is particularly relevant for employers because many labor court disputes are based on digital evidence: emails, browser histories, log files, instant messages, access logs, or platform data. The ruling provides greater legal certainty for cases in which such digital evidence contains personal data and the collection of that data is controversial under data protection law.<\/p>

At the same time, it increases the pressure on companies to thoroughly document why data was collected, on what legal basis this was done, and why the processing was necessary. Anyone who obtains evidence unlawfully continues to risk sanctions under data protection law and claims for damages. Furthermore, it remains to be seen whether national courts will rule that evidence is inadmissible in specific individual cases for other reasons.<\/p>

In practice, therefore, a two-step review is recommended: First, before collecting data, it must be determined whether the measure is permissible under data protection law. Second, during the process, it must be assessed which data is actually necessary and whether sensitive, excessive, or information irrelevant to the dispute can be redacted.<\/p>

Source: ECJ Judgment C-484\/24 (NTH Haustechnik) dated June 18, 2026<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Aristotelis Zervos is Editorial Director at 2B Advice, a lawyer and journalist with in-depth expertise in Data protection<\/a>, GDPR, IT compliance, and AI governance. He regularly publishes in-depth articles on AI regulation, GDPR compliance, and risk management. You can learn more about him on his Author profile page<\/strong><\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Personal data that was collected unlawfully is not automatically inadmissible as evidence. The European Court of Justice has clarified this. The case centered on the question of whether a court may consider evidence containing personal data that may have been obtained in violation of the GDPR. <\/p>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":44608,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[441,25],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-44594","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-aristotelis-zervos","category-datenschutz-in-europa"],"yoast_head":"\nEuGH: DSGVO-widrig erlangte Daten k\u00f6nnen vor Gericht trotzdem verwertbar sein - Ailance<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Europ\u00e4ische Gerichtshof: DSGVO-widrig erlangte Daten k\u00f6nnen vor Gericht trotzdem verwertbar sein. 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